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Trade Contracts in the Hands of AI, Who is Responsible?

Identification

Public canonical key
doi:10.55227/ijhess.v5i4.2214
Authors
Tutik Asmorowati · Mokh. Thoif
Reported year
2026
Reported language
en
Source type
article
First detected
2026-11-09T19:04:47.983102+00:00
Last metadata observation
2026-11-09T19:04:47.983102+00:00
Last HTTP verification
Not checked

Documentary abstract — original language

The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in the formation and execution of trade contracts has introduced profound legal complexities within Indonesia’s civil law system. While the Indonesian Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law) and Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019 (PP PSTE) confer legal validity on electronic contracts and the use of electronic agents, they offer limited doctrinal guidance on liability attribution when AI operates autonomously. This normative legal study investigates how existing Indonesian legal instruments, particularly the Civil Code, can accommodate AI-mediated contractual performance and explores who should bear legal responsibility in cases of breach, error, or non-performance. Employing statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative approaches, the research constructs a proximate responsibility model grounded in civil liability theory, legal subject theory, and risk allocation principles. Findings indicate that Indonesia’s anthropocentric notion of legal subjectivity limits current liability frameworks, creating ambiguity where AI operates independently. The study proposes doctrinal reforms, including statutory amendments, administrative oversight, sector-specific regulations, and a multi-stakeholder liability model. These recommendations aim to ensure legal certainty, contractual fairness, and consumer protection in an increasingly automated commercial environment. The study contributes original doctrinal insights by systematically linking Indonesian civil law to emerging international AI governance models and offering a structured pathway for legal reform responsive to technological disruption.

Identifiers

OPENALEX
W7130858407
DOI
10.55227/ijhess.v5i4.2214

Documentary context

Documentary family
Scholarship
Source-reported types
article

Entity mentions are not evidence of legal recognition. Jurisdiction studied is separate from author affiliation country.

Sources

OpenAlex · Record 1 · Record 2

Documented bibliographic relations

Source-declared references and links; they do not establish legal support or UGLC qualification. Up to 20 outgoing references are displayed.

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Cite this reference

Tutik Asmorowati; Mokh. Thoif. Trade Contracts in the Hands of AI, Who is Responsible?. 2026. https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v5i4.2214

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APA, Chicago, ISO 690: bibliographic formats using available fields. OSCOLA / Bluebook: structured data only; full legal citation compliance is not claimed without verification of required elements.

APA
Tutik Asmorowati; Mokh. Thoif. (2026). Trade Contracts in the Hands of AI, Who is Responsible?. https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v5i4.2214
Chicago
Tutik Asmorowati; Mokh. Thoif. Trade Contracts in the Hands of AI, Who is Responsible?. 2026. https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v5i4.2214
ISO 690
Tutik Asmorowati; Mokh. Thoif. Trade Contracts in the Hands of AI, Who is Responsible?. 2026. https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v5i4.2214

UDTR Global Rights of Nature Legal Library. Trade Contracts in the Hands of AI, Who is Responsible?. Documentary record: https://www.declarationuniverselledesdroitsdelarbre.org/global-rights-of-nature-radar/reference/r-d25e2ec984c96301c0255f2bbb3fb5e8/ · Last HTTP verification: not performed

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Field provenance and record version

Version 7103c541cb0301f4 · udtr-reference-1.1.2

Title
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983102+00:00
Authors
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983102+00:00
Year
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983102+00:00
Identifiers
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983102+00:00
Source URL
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983102+00:00

History tracks record metadata and does not certify the state of the law.

898d7afdaf65097d · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983102+00:00

d4ba05b627105ae4 · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983102+00:00

5dd1114d91472945 · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983102+00:00

7103c541cb0301f4 · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983102+00:00

Frozen-version metadata

Research dossiers and documentary relations

Mokh. Thoif

Tutik Asmorowati

Source roles

Discovery source · https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v5i4.2214

Discovery source · https://openalex.org/W7130858407

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UDTR Global Rights of Nature Legal Library