UDTR Global Rights of Nature Radar

Towards Protecting the Injured Party from Errors and Hallucinations of Artificial Intelligence: A Contemporary Legal Perspective

Identification

Public canonical key

doi:10.12688/f1000research.179603.1

Authors

Nagwa Abouhaiba · Saed Ahmed Khouli · Maya Khater

Reported year

2026

Reported language

en

Source type

article

First detected

2026-11-09T19:04:47.728023+00:00

Last metadata observation

2026-11-09T19:04:47.728023+00:00

Last HTTP verification

Not checked

Institutions reported by the source

Abu Dhabi University · United Arab Emirates University

Reported affiliation countries

AE

Documentary abstract — original language

The world has been witnessing a growing and accelerating expansion in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, as leading worldwide technology businesses compete to develop systems and software that can simulate the human mind, produce technological solutions, and accomplish activities that previously needed human mental effort. This has given rise to a host of new and unfamiliar legal challenges, including those connected to errors and 'hallucinations' that may produce inaccurate or misleading outputs. This paper examines the technical and practical risks associated with the use of AI, with a focus on the phenomenon of hallucinations that has recently become widely discussed, and its potential effects on users and third parties. This study adopts a comparative, analytical legal approach by analyzing the current legal framework to determine the extent to which the law protects the injured party, assessing the adequacy of existing civil-liability rules, and emphasizing the difficulties associated with proving fault and causation, as well as identifying the responsible party within the complex smart-transactions ecosystems. Accordingly, the objective of this paper is to determine how civil liability arising from the use of AI systems in numerous fields may be attributed, and to identify the future legal implications of such systems in light of the general rules of the UAE Civil Transactions Law and the substance of the EU regulation. Accordingly, the study presents a contemporary legal perspective on conventional culpability to safeguard the harmed person against AI faults and hallucinations. It concludes by proposing innovative legal mechanisms, such as strict (objective) liability, transparency obligations, and compulsory insurance, to compensate the injured party for 'digital harm' caused by AI technologies. The research indicates that legal responsibility and technical innovation must be balanced to safeguard the damaged party.

Identifiers

OPENALEX

W7155561573

DOI

10.12688/f1000research.179603.1

Documentary context

Documentary family

Scholarship

Source-reported types

article

Natural entities mentioned

Ecosystem

Entity mentions are not evidence of legal recognition. Jurisdiction studied is separate from author affiliation country.

Sources

OpenAlex · Record 1 · Record 2

• DOI · https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.179603.1
• OpenAlex · https://openalex.org/W7155561573

Documented bibliographic relations

Source-declared references and links; they do not establish legal support or UGLC qualification. Up to 20 outgoing references are displayed.

• openalex:w4288729348 · CITES
• openalex:w4405645206 · CITES
• openalex:w4411456973 · CITES
• openalex:w4412674679 · CITES
• openalex:w4415295179 · CITES
• openalex:w7117965429 · CITES
• openalex:w7126387397 · CITES
• openalex:w7128295992 · CITES
• openalex:w7130504626 · CITES
• openalex:w7135212330 · CITES
• openalex:w7143516040 · CITES

0 incoming references within the detected corpus

Documentary status

Relevance pending

Library

This identity is not yet included in the Legal Library.