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Toward Web 4.0: bidirectional trust between AI agents and blockchain

Identification

Clé publique

doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.08922

Auteurs

Yunfeng Xia · Chao Li · Lei Li · Chenhao Zhang · Li Duan · Runhua Xu · Wei Wang

Année déclarée

2026

Langue déclarée

en

Type source

article

Première détection

2026-11-09T19:04:47.783932+00:00

Dernière observation des métadonnées

2026-11-09T19:04:47.783932+00:00

Dernière vérification HTTP

Non effectuée

Institutions déclarées par la source

Beihang University · Beijing Jiaotong University · Xi'an Jiaotong University

Pays d’affiliation déclarés

CN

Résumé documentaire — langue originale

Autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) agents are increasingly deployed on blockchain platforms, yet the design space governing their interaction remains poorly understood. This convergence, in which autonomous agents operate on and within decentralized systems, characterizes the emerging Web 4.0 paradigm. We organize this Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) around a bidirectional trust framework. For the B → A direction (Blockchain → Agent), blockchain provides the trust infrastructure needed by agents. This direction follows their on-chain lifecycle: identity and account abstraction establish an agent on-chain; permission and delegation define what it may do; intent-centric execution carries out its goals; and tokenized agent economies support economic participation. The A → B direction (Agent → Blockchain) concerns participation in core blockchain mechanisms, beginning with security auditing and extending to consensus and governance. Verifiable computation forms the Trust Foundation (TF) shared by both directions. We consider zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML) and optimistic machine learning (opML) alongside trusted execution environments (TEEs). Their trade-offs between trust minimality and computational overhead differ, as does deployment readiness. The Agent–Blockchain Interaction Model (ABIM) formalizes this interaction. We catalog 70 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) and Ethereum Request for Comments (ERC) standards in the Appendix and review 127 academic papers. The analysis also covers 20 representative industry projects. This material is compared using five dimensions: Verifiability, Minimality of Trust, Expressiveness, Composability, and Maturity. The comparison reveals three unresolved issues. The agent-specific standards ecosystem is predominantly immature, with only 3 of 13 direct AI/agent ERCs having reached Final status. Intent architectures lack formal analysis. Research on AI participation in consensus and governance remains limited to isolated studies, and a unified security framing that treats AI as a first-class actor at the protocol layer is still absent. We propose a three-dimensional taxonomy of agent autonomy, trust model, and operational direction. We identify nine concrete open problems and outline the principal research opportunities.

Identifiants

OPENALEX

W7160916619

DOI

10.48550/arxiv.2605.08922 · 10.55092/blockchain20260008

Repères documentaires

Famille documentaire

Doctrine

Types déclarés par les sources

article

Entités naturelles mentionnées

Écosystème

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Sources

OpenAlex · Document 1 · Document 2

• DOI · https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.08922
• DOI · https://doi.org/10.55092/blockchain20260008
• OpenAlex · https://openalex.org/W7160916619

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Statut documentaire

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Bibliothèque

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