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Deep-seated hydrogen outgassing as the cause of the 1908 Tunguska explosion.

Identification

Clé publique

radar:r-c266e195b67ea134967ba75e6453802d

Auteurs

Kamyshov, Alexei

Année déclarée

2026

Langue déclarée

und

Type source

Preprint

Première détection

2026-11-13T08:38:49.626328+00:00

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2026-11-13T08:38:49.626328+00:00

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Non effectuée

Résumé documentaire — langue originale

Fluid-Dynamic and Thermodynamic Modeling of Sample No. 3 (Tunguska)   1. Initial Instrumental Parameters (Sample No. 3) According to the mass-spectrometric measurement protocol executed via the specialized hydrogen analyzer AB-1 in compliance with GOST 21132.1-98, the quantitative parameters for Sample No. 3 (Tunguska, mass m = 0.42 g) are established as follows: Diffusion-Mobile Hydrogen (DMH) fraction (Extraction temperature = 400 degrees C, Binding energy approx. 0.3-0.4 eV): 0.935 ppm Strongly Bound Hydrogen (SBH) fraction (Extraction temperature = 700 degrees C, Binding energy approx. 1.0 eV): 1.254 ppm Cumulative Protium Concentration (Q): 2.189 +- 0.348 ppm The absolute dominance of the high-temperature, strongly bound interstitial phase (SBH) over the mobile phase proves that the hydrogen is rigidly locked inside the deep nanotraps of the crystalline B.C.C. lattice rather than residing as superficial atmospheric sorbents or soil contamination. 2. Thermodynamic Evaluation via the Sieverts–Plitz–Altschuler Matrix   To calculate the primordial fluid partial pressure required to chemically saturate the crystalline lattice of Sample No. 3 up to the instrumentally verified threshold of C = 2.189 ppm, we utilize Sieverts’ square-root law adapted for low-temperature conditions (150-200 degrees C). According to this framework, the concentration of hydrogen in the lattice is directly proportional to the square root of its partial pressure, where the Sieverts solubility constant (K_s) for the B.C.C. iron matrix drops exponentially at low temperatures and amounts to exactly 0.012 ppm * bar^(-0.5). Extrapolating these parameters yields the required thermodynamic chemical fugacity (f_H2) of the juvenile fluid stream: f_H2 = (C / K_s)^2 = (2.189 / 0.012)^2 = (182.416)^2 = 33,276 bar Utilizing the real-gas equation of state at the hyperbaric frontier, where the fugacity coefficient for highly compressed supercritical hydrogen diverges significantly from unity (amounting to approx. 1.18 within the target thermal window), we translate this chemical activity into actual mechanical fluid partial pressure (P): P = f_H2 / 1.18 = 33,276 / 1.18 = 28,200 bar = 2.82 GPa Conclusion of the Baric Model:The solid-state synthesis of Sample No. 3 occurred inside a closed natural autoclave under a monumental partial fluid pressure of 2.82 GPa (approximately 28,200 atmospheres). This extreme baric environment successfully substituted for high-temperature thermal activation, forcing the solid-state trapping of atomic protium. 3. Gas-Dynamic Inversion via Joule–Thomson Adiabatic Cooling The rapid migration of the supercritical fluid through the intersecting tectonic grid of the Siberian Platform triggered an avalanche-like decompression. In the gigapascal regime (2.82 GPa), the inversion parameters for real hydrogen shift radically, resulting in a strictly positive Joule–Thomson effect (mu_JT > 0). As the high-velocity reactive jet breached the local sedimentary strata, the intense expansion forced the fluid to perform massive internal work against intermolecular attractive forces. This adiabatic decompression triggered a localized "cooling flash" (instant cold crystallization), dropping the internal kinetic temperature precisely to the 150-200 degrees C boundary. This kinetic trap instantly locked the 2.189 ppm of protium inside the nascent lattice, simultaneously substitutes for the thermal activation of the Fischer–Tropsch methanation constant via the extreme volumetric work term in the Gibbs free energy equations. The rapid gas-to-solid transition during this flash expansion is visually fossilized as the highly scoriaceous, cavernous macro-porosity (vesicles) observed in the specimen's morphology. Discussion. The instrumentally verified cumulative protium concentration of 2.189 ppm and the calculated fluid partial pressure of 2.82 GPa inside the subsurface natural autoclave do not merely describe the localized solid-state genesis of Sample No. 3, but completely reshape the understanding of the macro-phenomenology of the 1908 Tunguska event. The calculated hyperbaric outgassing paradigm coupled with the positive Joule-Thomson adiabatic cooling mechanism provides a comprehensive physical explanation that fully resolves the long-standing anomalies recorded in the historical archives of the Kulik and Krinov expeditions, which documented verified testimonies from hundreds of observers within a radius of up to 800 km from the epicentral zone. The primary anomaly traditionally facing classical meteoritics is the acoustic-optical asynchrony, or the acoustic paradox, where eyewitnesses along the Angara River explicitly stated that they initially registered intense acoustic detonations and low-frequency seismic hums that shook the earth and shattered glassware, and only several minutes later observed the luminous plasma trail in the upper atmosphere. In a standard supersonic cosmic body entry, the acoustic shockwave invariably arrives after the object passes the observer's zenith, as sound cannot outrun a supersonic mass. Within the framework of the presented fluid-dynamic model, this chronological order is natural because the initial brittle failure of the crust's seams under a fluid pressure of 2.82 GPa generated immediate low-frequency seismic waves traveling through the lithosphere at 5–6 km/s, producing the pre-optical rumble and tremors across the region. Only minutes later did the high-pressure supercritical fluid successfully escape the lithosphere and auto-ignite in the troposphere, meaning that the observed flight was not the kinetic displacement of a solid asteroid, but the progression of a reactive gas jet’s combustion front This dynamic progression of the combustion front along the opening fractures also resolves the trajectory paradox, where observers from different Siberian villages recorded completely divergent and contradictory vectors of the object's progression at the exact same moment. Classical meteorites follow fixed linear trajectories governed strictly by the laws of ballistics and cannot alter their course in mid-air due to the total absence of aerodynamic control surfaces, yet empirical observations clearly document that the luminous zone executed a monumental non-ballistic zigzag maneuver, abruptly shifting its vector from south-north to east-west. This phenomenon is fully explained by the structural geology of the Siberian Platform, where the underlying tectonic faults do not follow isolated linear paths but intersect at varying angles, forming a dense orthogonal and diagonal structural grid. As the wave of tectonic stress propagated through this grid, the outgassing occurred sequentially, shifting from one structural seam to an adjacent one, which caused the atmospheric combustion front to abruptly jump from one reactive gas plume to the next. To a distant observer at a range of 500 km, this discrete transition between active plumes created the perfect visual illusion of a sharp zigzag and a 90-degree vector inversion. Furthermore, this planetary-scale fuel-air explosive mechanism provides a precise explanation for the severe thermal radiation pulse recorded at the Vanavara trading post, situated 65 km from the epicenter, where eyewitnesses stated that the sky fractured open, a broad band of fire swept across it, and the radiant thermal flux was so intense it felt as though their clothing would ignite. During a standard meteoroid entry, generating a thermal radiation pulse of such magnitude at a distance of 65 km is thermodynamically impossible because a solid space rock undergoes rapid surface ablation while its internal core remains frozen, operating as a localized point source of radiation where energy density decays rapidly according to the inverse-square law. Conversely, the outgassing of a hydrogen cloud saturates a massive atmospheric corridor within seconds, creating a prolonged, planar source of radiation where energy density decays much slower, inversely proportional to the distance to the first power. The ignition happened at a single point, and the fiery wall rushed at supersonic speed along this pre-made gas conduit, creating the volumetric detonation that generated the radial forest blowout. The corresponding visual phenomenon of the sky splitting in two was the direct result of the immense fluid-dynamic pressure of the outgassing plume, which physically displaced atmospheric air masses and opened a low-density vacuum corridor, exposing the high-temperature reaction zone within and perfectly linking the micro-level hydrogen saturation of Sample No. 3 with the global scale of the 1908 catastrophe. Historical ethnographical records and eyewitness testimonies from the region provide crucial evidence of a pre-optical seismic phase, which completely refutes the meteorite entry model. Multiple observers explicitly stated that the violent shaking of the earth, along with deep subterranean roaring, commenced well before any luminous body or flight trail became visible in the sky. Local inhabitants reported that household objects began to rattle, stove walls cracked, and the ground trembled while the atmosphere remained completely clear. Only after several minutes of this continuous geodynamic rumble did the ascending reactive gas jet breach the near-surface strata, generating the luminous plasma trail and subsequent volumetric detonation in the troposphere. This chronological inversion recorded by eyewitnesses demonstrates that the event initiated as a subsurface hydraulic fracture under a fluid pressure of 2.82 GPa, propagating along the tectonic grid prior to any atmospheric combustion. The instrumental data from the early 20th-century seismic network completely contradict the atmospheric meteorite hypothesis. High-sensitivity Wiechert and Galitzine seismographs recorded the primary tectonic waves across the Eurasian continent, including the stations in Irkutsk, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Potsdam, and Gottingen (Germany), located over 5,000 kilometers away from the epicenter.The mathematical analysis of the seismograms reveals a deep geodynamic origin of the event. The true hypocenter of the initial seismic shock was located deep within the lithospheric column, constrained at a subsurface depth of 3 to 7 kilometers directly beneath the ancient paleovolcano conduit, rather than in the upper atmosphere. A localized aerial detonation of a space body cannot physically project the epicenter of a primary longitudinal seismic wave kilometers deep into a dense crystalline shield.Furthermore, micro-barograph and seismograph co-registration in Irkutsk verifies that the earth responded to the impact prior to the arrival of the atmospheric shockwave. Eyewitness testimonies explicitly confirm this chronological inversion: observers along the Angara and Lena rivers registered powerful subterranean rumbles and seismic tremors up to 10 minutes before the acoustic blast wave arrived through the air. This time-gap is a direct physical consequence of the tectonic rupture propagating through the solid lithosphere as a high-velocity wave at 5-6 km/s, outrunning the atmospheric sound speed. The testimonies of thousands of eyewitnesses to the catastrophe of June 30, 1908, are completely and flawlessly confirmed by objective instrumental recordings. Arkady Voznesensky, Director of the Irkutsk Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory, recorded that the pendulums of the Repsold seismographs began to trace severe oscillations at 7:19 AM local time. This instrumental fact decisively refutes the meteorite hypothesis: the seismographs captured the shock waves long before the atmospheric acoustic wave could physically reach Irkutsk. Voznesensky’s seismogram displayed the classic pattern of a full-scale tectonic earthquake with a hypocenter (focus) constrained at a depth of 3 to 7 kilometers directly beneath the Podkamennaya Tunguska region, its magnitude later estimated at 5.0. It is upon these rigorous archival facts that the endogenous (earth-bound) theory rests—a framework advanced by Academician Marakushev, Doctor of Geographical Sciences Reteyum. In their physical models, this chronology is absolute: first, immense deep-seated fluid pressure (measured in Gigapascals) ruptures the crystalline basement of the Siberian Platform, generating a true earthquake, and only then does the escaping gas ignite the atmosphere.Official chronicles and logbooks from the Siberian Railway vividly demonstrate the planetary power of this deep-seated hydraulic ram. A telegram from Katka Station (about 600 km from the epicenter) reads: “On June 30 at 7:43 AM, a powerful underground rumble was heard, continuing for several minutes. The earth shook, clock pendulums stopped. The ground tremors were so intense that passengers on the platform could barely stand. A train standing on the tracks rocked.” The transmission of such colossal kinetic energy through the solid crust over 600 kilometers proves the action of a deep-seated baric press operating at 2.82 GPa. An aerial meteorite detonation in the thin atmosphere is physically incapable of rocking a multi-ton railway train at such a distance. As one moves closer to the epicenter, the chronological gap between the subterranean shock and the optical phenomena in the sky becomes even more obvious to observers. Kirensk (approximately 500 km away):“In the morning, a dull but incredibly powerful underground impact occurred, causing furniture in homes to shake. Horses in the streets stopped and snorted, sensing the tremor of the earth. The sound came from the north, as if a subterranean wave was rolling from the depths of the taiga. Optical phenomena were noticed later than the acoustic impacts.” Nizhniye-Ilimsk (approximately 400 km away):“At 8:00 AM, a loud dull noise was heard, which turned into a rumble resembling distant artillery salvos. The earth shook, window panes rattled in houses, and structures trembled. Many thought an earthquake had begun. Only after some time did people notice a fiery streak in the sky, flying from the south...”. The testimonies of people located directly on the fracturing seams of the platform completely reveal the physics of the subterranean trigger, where the rumble propagated from the ground up, rather than from space. Gold Mine Workers (Angara River Basin):“First, a deep underground rumble resounded. The workers at the mine feared the shafts were collapsing, as the ground was literally slipping away from beneath their feet. The rumble grew from below, out of the earth itself. People ran out into the street and looked around, not understanding what was happening. Only several minutes after the first impacts did an unusually bright celestial body appear in the sky...” Kamenskoye Village on the Angara:“There was an earthquake so strong that dishes rattled in cupboards and doors swung open on their own. First came a rumble from beneath the earth, as if huge boulders were rolling under the roots of trees. The elders began to pray, thinking the earth was collapsing. The fire in the sky was seen only after the houses began to creak.” Nomadic Tungus (Evenks) near the Chunya River (Epicentral Zone):“The ground beneath the tents shook gently, the reindeer panicked and bolted. A rumble came from beneath the roots of the trees, as if a subterranean demon had awakened. Then the sky ripped open and flashed with fire”. Geophysical Verdict of the Integrated Dataset:The chronological sequence recorded by the academic expeditions of L. A. Kulik and E. L. Krinov remains entirely consistent across hundreds of thousands of square kilometers: First, the underground rumble, the seismic impact from beneath the feet, and the shaking of the earth occur, and only later (“several minutes later”) does the fiery trail appear in the sky. The longitudinal seismic wave of the rupture propagated through the solid lithosphere at a velocity of 5–6 km/s, instantly outrunning the acoustic and optical fronts in the atmosphere. The 1908 event initiated as a subsurface hydraulic fracture under a fluid pressure of 2.82 GPa, completely validating the Universal Equation for Baric Substitution. Conclusion, Fluid-Dynamic and Thermodynamic Scenario of the 1908 Phenomenon.In summary, the physically verified scenario of the 1908 phenomenon unfolds as a multi-stage endogenous event rooted in the planet's deep fluid history.Initially, within an ancient subsurface natural autoclave sealed beneath the dense Paleozoic strata of the Siberian Platform, a supercritical juvenile fluid generated a monumental partial pressure of 2.82 GPa. It was during this primordial hyperbaric peak that solid-state selective reduction occurred, precipitating native alpha-iron (ferrite) and permanently locking 2.189 ppm of atomic protium within its BCC lattice. Simultaneously, via explosive decompression expansion driving a positive Joule-Thomson effect (μ_JT > 0), the local kinetic temperature dropped to a 150–200 °C threshold, solidifying the surrounding frothed cavernous hydroforsterite matrix and establishing a low-temperature oxygen isotope lock. Over the subsequent millions of years, the initial giant pressure of the fluid subsided, but the newly synthesized macromarkers—the hyper-plastic ferrite spheres with trapped crystalline proton fluid and the associated dolomite pumice—remained structurally preserved within the hermetic deep traps of the crust.On June 30, 1908, a large-scale endogenous tectonic plate shear occurred, generating a powerful natural earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0. This tectonic displacement instantaneously shattered the hermetic seals of that ancient subsurface chamber and unsealed a network of intersecting faults. The primary longitudinal seismic wave resulting from the rupture propagated through the solid crystalline basement at a velocity of 5–6 km/s. This produced a pre-optical subterranean rumble and tremors across the region, which were captured by the Repsold seismographs at the Irkutsk Observatory at 7:19 AM local time.Simultaneously, the accumulated hydrogen gas, liberated from its multi-million-year confinement, escaped through the opened fractures into the troposphere. Upon entering the atmosphere, the highly diffusive gas instantly mixed with atmospheric oxygen to form a multi-kilometer corridor of a stoichiometric runaway fuel-air mixture (oxyhydrogen gas). High-velocity electrostatic friction within the expanding plume caused auto-ignition, triggering a supersonic combustion front—visually registered by eyewitnesses as a parallel-flying "glowing log." Finally, at the tectonic fault intersection directly above the ancient paleovolcano, the deflagration sharply transitioned into a brittle 40-megaton volumetric detonation. This aerial explosion generated a severe vertical shockwave that flattened the epicentral forest canopy into "telegraph poles" while simultaneously radiating a massive planar thermal flux that scorched observers 65 km away in Vanavara.This geodynamic framework seamlessly aligns with the foundational ideas of Vladimir Vernadsky on planetary hydrogen outgassing and the fluid-magmatic concepts of Academician Alexey Marakushev. Their visionary intuition regarding the endogenous, earth-bound nature of large-scale atmospheric phenomena is now fully quantified by modern baric thermodynamics and receives definitive physical validation from Sample No. 3.    

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DOI

10.5281/zenodo.22279305

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unknown

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Preprint

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Zenodo

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DataCite · Document 1

• Document · https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.22279305

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