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Discovery of Crystalline Phases of Juvenile Gases inside Manganese-Free Ferrite

Identification

Clé publique

radar:r-b3d356966597aef0f3b1d06312da8114

Auteurs

Kamyshov, Alexei

Année déclarée

2026

Langue déclarée

und

Type source

Preprint

Première détection

2026-11-13T08:38:49.626328+00:00

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2026-11-13T08:38:49.626328+00:00

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Résumé documentaire — langue originale

Research on the Iron Axe Hoard Discovered in the Foothills of Adygea. On the planet Earth, natural oxide iron ores without manganese do not exist. This is an experimentally confirmed law of geochemistry that cannot be bypassed within the condensed state of matter of our planetary system. If we consider any theoretical alternatives, the complete absence of manganese at the atomic level, while simultaneously maintaining ultra-high concentrations of iron and silicon, is possible exclusively outside of known terrestrial geochemical cycles. Since the ionic radii of divalent iron and manganese are virtually identical, manganese integrates at the atomic level directly into the crystal lattices of Earth's primary ore minerals — magnetite, hematite, and goethite.On Earth, there is fundamentally no geological mechanism known today capable of precipitating pure iron oxides and completely cutting off manganese. Therefore, hundredths and tenths of a percent of manganese are always recorded in any natural iron ore (from magnetite quartzites to bog ores). Classical models of terrestrial magmatism, protoplanetary disk cosmochemistry, and 20th-century pyrometallurgical standards (including GOST specifications for commercial FeSi75 ferrosilicon production) are based on the dogmatic assumption of material homogenization via a high-temperature liquid melt stage. Within liquid-phase thermodynamics, the co-crystallization of isomorphic element twins with close atomic radii, such as iron and manganese, is an obligatory and irreversible process. Any known technological or natural smelting of iron-bearing ores with absolute inevitability entails the distribution of manganese both within the metal matrix and inside the associated silicate slag domains.However, the accumulated body of instrumental data from microprobe profiling and high-precision vacuum gas extraction (AV-1 analyzer, OOO NPK EPT, St. Petersburg) has revealed the existence of a fundamentally new class of matter — native hydrogen-bearing ferrite, which completely vetoes the melt-based concept. The number of hydrogen atoms, determined by Avogadro's number for this mass (approximately 4.12 times 10 to the 17th power atoms per each gram of metal), would in a free state occupy a volume equal to about 6% of the volume of the ferrite matrix itself.The fact that this potential gas volume did not rupture the structure and did not escape (as would inevitably occur during slag smelting), but remained "pressed into" the lattice (with nearly 59% of it being deeply trapped, strongly bound hydrogen with an activation energy exceeding 1 eV), serves as direct physical evidence of a deep baric genesis rather than a metallurgical origin for the sample. Experimental Refutation of the Buchwald Provenance Method on Specimen Data.While the 184 manganese-free spectra (Mn = 0.00%) make the Buchwald slag equations (Buchwald and Wivel, 1998) mathematically undefined due to division by zero, applying the formula even to the single exception — Spectrum 175 (containing 0.24% Mn, 37.05% O, and 1.15% Ta) — yields a non-metallurgical result. In standard terrestrial bloomery slags, the SiO2/MnO ratio falls within a narrow, predictable range of 5 to 30, reflecting the equilibrium partitioning of manganese from bog or rock ores. In Spectrum 175, the extreme excess of silicon and oxygen against trace manganese pushes the diagnostic ratio far beyond any known smelting field, while the simultaneous presence of 1.15% tantalum (nearly 5,000 times above crustal abundance) is physically impossible in a terrestrial iron-smelting slag. Thus, quantitative testing confirms that the Buchwald provenance model fails across the entire dataset, proving that the silicate micro-inclusions are remnants of a deep-seated juvenile fluid rather than metallurgical slag. In any model of a magmatic or metallurgical melt, manganese is obligated to partition between phases. A zero content (Mn = 0.00%) in the presence of silicon immediately rules out equilibrium liquid-phase crystallization. Attempting to apply standard Buchwald slag coefficients to such a substance results in division by zero, which clearly demonstrates a departure beyond the limits of applicability of classical smelting equations. Furthermore, within the framework of terrestrial geochemistry, it is fundamentally impossible for a natural iron ore deposit to exist without a significant, ubiquitous manganese co-genesis or background presence. Throughout all endogenic and exogenic geological processes, iron and manganese strictly co-migrate and precipitate together due to their geochemical affinity.Consequently, any resulting liquid-phase technological or natural smelting based on such terrestrial ore raw materials with absolute inevitability forces the occurrence of the interphase exchange reaction 2(MnO) + [Si] = SiO2 + 2[Mn] with an experimentally proven correlation factor of R = 0.98 (Akberdin et al., 2025). Under these equilibrium liquid-melt conditions, manganese is thermodynamically obligated to distribute between the phases, accumulating heavily within silicate slag domains. The authors of the paper carried out a colossal body of experimental research in the laboratory (Akberdin et al. (2025, CIS Iron and Steel Review, Vol. 29, pp. 50–55) ). Rather than merely deriving theoretical equations, they utilized actual high-temperature metallurgical equipment to conduct full-scale heats at temperatures of 1450, 1500, and 1550 °C within a strictly controlled carbon monoxide (CO) atmosphere. They completed dozens of independent experiments with pig iron, foundry cast iron, and carbon ferromanganese, thoroughly measuring the chemical composition of the resulting metal and slag at each step (all parameters are compiled in Table 1 and Table 2 on page 52). When they attempted to correlate the distribution of manganese solely with the optical basicity of the slag, the pair correlation coefficient turned out to be extremely low — yielding a value of only R = 0.65 (Equation 18 on page 54). Conventional smelting equations failed, producing inaccurate results. However, as soon as the authors applied multiple linear regression methods and incorporated the joint effect of silicon concentration in the metal and slag basicity into the calculation, the mathematical accuracy reached its maximum.Mathematical processing of all experimental data points produced the final regression equation (Equation 21 on page 54) with a multiple correlation coefficient of R = 0.98. This indicates a 98% match out of 100% possible compliance. The paper officially proves that in any liquid melt containing silicon and iron, the exchange reaction 2(MnO) + [Si] = SiO2 + 2[Mn] proceeds with absolute thermodynamic inevitability.Since manganese is thermodynamically obligated to react with silicon during melting with a proven precision of R = 0.98, the total instrumental zero of manganese across all 184 distinct spectra of the specimen — despite the massive presence of silicon — serves as direct, irrefutable evidence that a liquid phase was never present, and the matter was formed entirely without a metallurgical smelting stage. The paper by Humayun (2007) proves that in all terrestrial magmatic and volcanic systems, manganese strictly and persistently follows divalent iron, maintaining a rigid, ubiquitous background of MnO = 0.14% – 0.18%. The complete elimination of manganese while preserving high iron concentrations in a volcanic melt is thermodynamically forbidden.In our specimen, however, across all 184 distinct spectra, manganese is equal to exactly 0.00% everywhere. These two studies definitively prove that the analyzed ferrite underwent neither metallurgical nor volcanic smelting. It must be explicitly emphasized that the total bulk hydrogen content of 0.690 ppm captured via the AV-1 analyzer does not represent the primary, unaltered volatile concentration of the deep terrestrial autogenous fluid reservoir. Instead, this precise value represents the strict post-devolatilization remnants of juvenile protium that successfully survived the thermal cycle during the manufacturing of the axes. Furthermore, if the specimen had been subjected to conventional metallurgical smelting or volcanic temperatures, the extreme thermal energy would have driven off the gas completely, leaving absolute zero trapped hydrogen. The very presence of these strictly bound protium remnants confirms a low-temperature thermomechanical constraint that actively prevented total outgassing.   Additionally, the lock of highly volatile juvenile chlorine (up to 15%) discovered within the host micro-containers strictly in Spectra 76, 77, and 78 acts as a thermomechanical constraint that completely rules out any conventional high-temperature smelting or volcanic scenario. If the specimen had been subjected to the extreme heat of a metallurgical furnace or volcanic magma, all volatile chloride phases would have sublimated and escaped instantly, leaving absolute zero chlorine in the matrix, since the exact sublimation temperature of iron chloride (FeCl3) is as low as 315 °C. The concurrent structural retention of these high-pressure chlorine zones alongside the strongly bound protium remnants provides irrefutable evidence of a low-temperature forging barrier that actively prevented outgassing and preserved the pristine deep-seated autogenous signature. Instrumental validation of chlorine-rich zones and protium remnants against a total bulk manganese zero mathematically demonstrates a low-temperature barrier that sealed the pristine signature of the substance.   Experimental data by Ono and Matsumoto (1975, DOI: 10.2320/matertrans1960.16.415) demonstrate rapid manganese diffusion in molten iron (D_Mn ~ 4.37–4.96 x 10^-5 cm2/s at 1550–1600 °C), proving that Mn = 0.00% in the ferrite matrix reflects solid-state retention rather than liquid-phase metallurgy.   Conclusions    Terrestrial iron ore deposits with an absolute absence of manganese (Mn = 0.00%) fundamentally do not exist on Earth due to the irreversible co-migration and co-precipitation of these geochemically akin elements within the lithosphere. Any attempt to attribute a conventional terrestrial metallurgical or volcanic genesis to the material is entirely refuted by the recorded instrumental zeroes: under high-temperature conditions, any baseline manganese would inevitably partition across phase boundaries and accumulate inside non-metallic silicate and slag micro-inclusions.    The interphase exchange reaction between manganese and silicon within a liquid phase proceeds with absolute thermodynamic inevitability (R = 0.98). The total instrumental sterility of manganese (Mn = 0.00%) verified across all 184 distinct spectra of both the metallic ferrite matrix and the micro-containers provides direct physical proof that the substance never underwent a liquid-melt stage.   The presence of constitutional protium (hydrogen) at a concentration of 0.690 ppm (quantified via direct vacuum extraction quantitative determination on an AV-1 gas analyzer) represents the stable structural remnants of a deep-seated juvenile fluid. Under the extreme thermal regimes of an industrial blast furnace or volcanic magma, this highly volatile gas would undergo complete devolatilization to absolute zero.   The concurrent structural retention of these protium remnants alongside 15% highly volatile juvenile chlorine (the sublimation temperature of iron chloride, FeCl3, being as low as 315 °C) experimentally demonstrates the operation of a non-thermal baric separator. The primary matrix developed and underwent autogenous thermomechanical processing exclusively within a solid-state framework under a low-temperature forging barrier that sealed the pristine physico-chemical signature.   Mathematical Breakdown of the Buchwald Slag Provenance Formula.Standard archaeometallurgical provenance models (Buchwald & Wivel, 1998; Buchwald, 2005) rely on non-reduced oxide ratios within slag inclusions, typically placing manganese oxide in the denominator (such as SiO2/MnO or CaO/MnO). Because electron microprobe profiling across 184 spectra of the Adygea ferrite confirms a strict instrumental zero for manganese (Mn 0.00 %), the Buchwald formula suffers a mathematical singularity (division by zero) and becomes completely non-functional. Even in inverted ratios (MnO/SiO2), the index collapses to absolute zero, proving that the inclusions are not remnants of a bloomery smelting slag and that liquid-phase provenance equations are inapplicable to solid-state, manganese-free native ferrite.

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DOI

10.5281/zenodo.23762155

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unknown

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Preprint

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Zenodo

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Sources

DataCite · Document 1

• Document · https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.23762155

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