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A comparative legal analysis of avatar identity and regulatory gaps in virtual reality environments

Identification

Public canonical key
doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103314
Authors
Adel Salem Allouzi · Khaled Mohammad Alomari · Nawal Louzi · Safwan Maghaydah
Reported year
2026
Reported language
en
Source type
article
First detected
2026-11-09T19:04:47.983704+00:00
Last metadata observation
2026-11-09T19:04:47.983704+00:00
Last HTTP verification
Not checked

Institutions reported by the source

Abu Dhabi University · Al-Ahliyya Amman University

Reported affiliation countries

AE · JO

Documentary abstract — original language

This study examines whether contemporary legal systems meaningfully recognize avatars in virtual environments as legally relevant extensions of their users. As immersive platforms increasingly shape social, economic, and professional interactions, avatars raise complex regulatory questions concerning identity, accountability, and data protection. Using a rubric-based comparative legal analysis across eleven jurisdictions, including the European Union, United States, China, India, and the United Arab Emirates, the study evaluates how existing privacy and data protection frameworks address avatar-related practices. The findings indicate that, despite the strength of modern data protection regimes, explicit legal recognition of avatars remains largely absent across the examined jurisdictions. This absence creates regulatory gaps in governing avatar identity, immersive consent, and accountability within immersive digital environments, and the study proposes targeted legislative reform directions based on the comparative findings.

Identifiers

OPENALEX
W7170514365
DOI
10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103314

Documentary context

Documentary family
Scholarship
Source-reported types
article
Jurisdictions studied — explicit sources
CN · IN · US

Entity mentions are not evidence of legal recognition. Jurisdiction studied is separate from author affiliation country.

Sources

OpenAlex · Record 1 · Record 2

Documented bibliographic relations

Source-declared references and links; they do not establish legal support or UGLC qualification. Up to 20 outgoing references are displayed.

  • openalex:w2053154970 · CITES
  • openalex:w2164777277 · CITES
  • Of, for, and by the people: the legal lacuna of synthetic persons · CITES
  • openalex:w2767921955 · CITES
  • openalex:w2894630186 · CITES
  • openalex:w2972463624 · CITES
  • openalex:w2989050900 · CITES
  • openalex:w3000750784 · CITES
  • openalex:w3104395947 · CITES
  • openalex:w3118385276 · CITES
  • openalex:w3123067247 · CITES
  • openalex:w3157404034 · CITES
  • openalex:w3184016654 · CITES
  • openalex:w3186910995 · CITES
  • openalex:w3196486048 · CITES
  • openalex:w4210800068 · CITES
  • Avatars in the metaverse: potential legal issues and remedies · CITES
  • openalex:w4282827913 · CITES
  • openalex:w4294214983 · CITES
  • openalex:w4295887006 · CITES

0 incoming references within the detected corpus

Documentary field provenance

Source-backed values and values with unresolved provenance are kept separately. Bibliographic provenance validates no legal claim.

Title
Documentary source reported
Publication
Documentary source reported
Authors
Documentary source reported
Document type
Documentary source reported
Jurisdiction
Studied subject derived from explicit documentary context
Court
Not recorded
Issuing authority
Not recorded
Publisher
Not recorded
DOI
Documentary source reported
ISBN
Not recorded
Official identifier
Not recorded
Source URL
Documentary source reported
Source-reported status
Not recorded
Amendment / repeal
Not recorded

Cite this reference

Adel Salem Allouzi; Khaled Mohammad Alomari; Nawal Louzi; Safwan Maghaydah. A comparative legal analysis of avatar identity and regulatory gaps in virtual reality environments. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103314

JSON · CSL-JSON · BibTeX · RIS · CSV · JSON-LD ·

APA, Chicago, ISO 690: bibliographic formats using available fields. OSCOLA / Bluebook: structured data only; full legal citation compliance is not claimed without verification of required elements.

APA
Adel Salem Allouzi; Khaled Mohammad Alomari; Nawal Louzi; Safwan Maghaydah. (2026). A comparative legal analysis of avatar identity and regulatory gaps in virtual reality environments. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103314
Chicago
Adel Salem Allouzi; Khaled Mohammad Alomari; Nawal Louzi; Safwan Maghaydah. A comparative legal analysis of avatar identity and regulatory gaps in virtual reality environments. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103314
ISO 690
Adel Salem Allouzi; Khaled Mohammad Alomari; Nawal Louzi; Safwan Maghaydah. A comparative legal analysis of avatar identity and regulatory gaps in virtual reality environments. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103314

UDTR Global Rights of Nature Legal Library. A comparative legal analysis of avatar identity and regulatory gaps in virtual reality environments. Documentary record: https://www.declarationuniverselledesdroitsdelarbre.org/global-rights-of-nature-radar/reference/r-a35c17f25cfe1510e2f96b00a5c5eed3/ · Last HTTP verification: not performed

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Field provenance and record version

Version 4a837d54c21d77d0 · udtr-reference-1.1.2

Title
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983704+00:00
Authors
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983704+00:00
Year
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983704+00:00
Identifiers
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983704+00:00
Source URL
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983704+00:00

History tracks record metadata and does not certify the state of the law.

48d248bfd310fdb0 · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983704+00:00

4acb868ea46083c8 · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983704+00:00

7675aed1186aac55 · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983704+00:00

4a837d54c21d77d0 · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.983704+00:00

Frozen-version metadata

Research dossiers and documentary relations

CN · IN · US ·

Abu Dhabi University

Al-Ahliyya Amman University

Adel Salem Allouzi

Khaled Mohammad Alomari

Nawal Louzi

Safwan Maghaydah

Source roles

Discovery source · https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103314

Discovery source · https://openalex.org/W7170514365

An authority link alone does not verify a legal claim. Abstracts and full texts remain subject to their source terms.

Documentary status

Relevance pending

Library

This identity is not yet included in the Legal Library.

UDTR Global Rights of Nature Legal Library