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The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation

Identification

Public canonical key
doi:10.1038/ncomms4794
Authors
Filippo Ferrario · Michael W. Beck · Curt D. Storlazzi · Fiorenza Micheli · Christine C. Shepard · Laura Airoldi
Reported year
2014
Reported language
en
Source type
article
First detected
2026-11-09T19:19:32.849305+00:00
Last metadata observation
2026-11-09T19:19:32.849305+00:00
Last HTTP verification
Not checked

Institutions reported by the source

Hopkins Marine Station · Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center · Québec-Océan · Stanford University · The Nature Conservancy · United States Geological Survey · University of Bologna · University of California, Santa Cruz · Université Laval

Documentary abstract — original language

The world's coastal zones are experiencing rapid development and an increase in storms and flooding. These hazards put coastal communities at heightened risk, which may increase with habitat loss. Here we analyse globally the role and cost effectiveness of coral reefs in risk reduction. Meta-analyses reveal that coral reefs provide substantial protection against natural hazards by reducing wave energy by an average of 97%. Reef crests alone dissipate most of this energy (86%). There are 100 million or more people who may receive risk reduction benefits from reefs or bear hazard mitigation and adaptation costs if reefs are degraded. We show that coral reefs can provide comparable wave attenuation benefits to artificial defences such as breakwaters, and reef defences can be enhanced cost effectively. Reefs face growing threats yet there is opportunity to guide adaptation and hazard mitigation investments towards reef restoration to strengthen this first line of coastal defence.

Identifiers

OPENALEX
W2107960291
DOI
10.1038/ncomms4794

Documentary context

Documentary family
Scholarship
Source-reported types
article

Entity mentions are not evidence of legal recognition. Jurisdiction studied is separate from author affiliation country.

Sources

OpenAlex · Record 1 · Record 2

Documented bibliographic relations

Source-declared references and links; they do not establish legal support or UGLC qualification. Up to 20 outgoing references are displayed.

  • openalex:w1197841330 · CITES
  • openalex:w148188770 · CITES
  • openalex:w1484213454 · CITES
  • openalex:w1967557077 · CITES
  • openalex:w1979260633 · CITES
  • openalex:w1981937621 · CITES
  • openalex:w1992347263 · CITES
  • openalex:w2010750308 · CITES
  • openalex:w2011732825 · CITES
  • openalex:w2015936177 · CITES
  • openalex:w2016437149 · CITES
  • openalex:w2026923799 · CITES
  • openalex:w2027399305 · CITES
  • openalex:w2029863173 · CITES
  • openalex:w2032352371 · CITES
  • openalex:w2033781209 · CITES
  • openalex:w2038153295 · CITES
  • openalex:w2040465435 · CITES
  • openalex:w2043778196 · CITES
  • openalex:w2045036964 · CITES

0 incoming references within the detected corpus

Documentary field provenance

Source-backed values and values with unresolved provenance are kept separately. Bibliographic provenance validates no legal claim.

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Authors
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Jurisdiction
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DOI
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Amendment / repeal
Not recorded

Cite this reference

Filippo Ferrario; Michael W. Beck; Curt D. Storlazzi; Fiorenza Micheli; Christine C. Shepard; Laura Airoldi. The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4794

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APA, Chicago, ISO 690: bibliographic formats using available fields. OSCOLA / Bluebook: structured data only; full legal citation compliance is not claimed without verification of required elements.

APA
Filippo Ferrario; Michael W. Beck; Curt D. Storlazzi; Fiorenza Micheli; Christine C. Shepard; Laura Airoldi. (2014). The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4794
Chicago
Filippo Ferrario; Michael W. Beck; Curt D. Storlazzi; Fiorenza Micheli; Christine C. Shepard; Laura Airoldi. The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4794
ISO 690
Filippo Ferrario; Michael W. Beck; Curt D. Storlazzi; Fiorenza Micheli; Christine C. Shepard; Laura Airoldi. The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4794

UDTR Global Rights of Nature Legal Library. The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation. Documentary record: https://www.declarationuniverselledesdroitsdelarbre.org/global-rights-of-nature-radar/reference/r-8b671cb069629810687e33a097a30fab/ · Last HTTP verification: not performed

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Field provenance and record version

Version 522c780945c1dcd2 · udtr-reference-1.1.2

Title
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:19:32.849305+00:00
Authors
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:19:32.849305+00:00
Year
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:19:32.849305+00:00
Identifiers
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:19:32.849305+00:00
Source URL
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:19:32.849305+00:00
Source-reported author ORCID
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:19:32.849305+00:00
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:19:32.849305+00:00

History tracks record metadata and does not certify the state of the law.

744d316a29b65b45 · 2026-11-09T19:19:32.849305+00:00

a2a0434632a4ba69 · 2026-11-09T19:19:32.849305+00:00

8b1628d71db45660 · 2026-11-09T19:19:32.849305+00:00

522c780945c1dcd2 · 2026-11-09T19:19:32.849305+00:00

Frozen-version metadata

Research dossiers and documentary relations

Hopkins Marine Station

Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center

Québec-Océan

Stanford University

The Nature Conservancy

United States Geological Survey

University of Bologna

University of California, Santa Cruz

Université Laval

Christine C. Shepard

Curt D. Storlazzi

Filippo Ferrario

Source roles

Discovery source · https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4794

Discovery source · https://openalex.org/W2107960291

An authority link alone does not verify a legal claim. Abstracts and full texts remain subject to their source terms.

Documentary status

Relevance pending

Library

This identity is not yet included in the Legal Library.

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