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Women’s Reforms, Digital Payments, and Financial Inclusion in Saudi Arabia: Evidence from Global Findex 2014–2024

Identification

Public canonical key
doi:10.3390/fintech5020030
Authors
Tifani Husna Siregar · Adnan Ameen Bakather · Emilios Galariotis
Reported year
2026
Reported language
en
Source type
article
First detected
2026-11-09T19:04:47.731178+00:00
Last metadata observation
2026-11-09T19:04:47.731178+00:00
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Not checked

Institutions reported by the source

King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

Reported affiliation countries

SA

Documentary abstract — original language

Saudi Arabia experienced rapid convergence in women’s financial inclusion between 2014 and 2024, a period marked by the 2018–2019 reforms expanding women’s economic rights and the accelerated deployment of digital payment infrastructure. Using four waves of Global Findex microdata (2014, 2017, 2021, and 2024), this study estimates probability-weighted logit models with average marginal effects and decomposes gender gaps using nonlinear Kitagawa and Blinder–Oaxaca methods. Reform-era dynamics are examined by tracing changes in the gender gap across survey waves. The findings indicate that aggregate gender gaps in account ownership and digital payment usage narrowed substantially by 2024, with conditional gaps among employed adults no longer statistically significant, while sizable disparities persist among individuals outside the workforce. Decomposition results highlight increased female labor force participation as a key correlate of convergence, consistent with labor market integration playing a central role in women’s financial inclusion during the reform era.

Identifiers

OPENALEX
W7151541651
DOI
10.3390/fintech5020030

Documentary context

Documentary family
Scholarship
Source-reported types
article

Entity mentions are not evidence of legal recognition. Jurisdiction studied is separate from author affiliation country.

Sources

OpenAlex · Record 1 · Record 2

Documented bibliographic relations

Source-declared references and links; they do not establish legal support or UGLC qualification. Up to 20 outgoing references are displayed.

  • openalex:w1519209287 · CITES
  • openalex:w1543347785 · CITES
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  • openalex:w1574235309 · CITES
  • openalex:w1791587663 · CITES
  • openalex:w2093548531 · CITES
  • openalex:w2100379340 · CITES
  • openalex:w2312397646 · CITES
  • openalex:w2995605981 · CITES
  • openalex:w3015125416 · CITES
  • openalex:w3121287205 · CITES
  • openalex:w3173649171 · CITES
  • openalex:w4221063480 · CITES
  • openalex:w4256299692 · CITES
  • openalex:w4289321244 · CITES
  • openalex:w4321504471 · CITES
  • openalex:w4322587842 · CITES
  • openalex:w4385382176 · CITES
  • openalex:w4399605791 · CITES
  • openalex:w4405820760 · CITES

0 incoming references within the detected corpus

Documentary field provenance

Source-backed values and values with unresolved provenance are kept separately. Bibliographic provenance validates no legal claim.

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Cite this reference

Tifani Husna Siregar; Adnan Ameen Bakather; Emilios Galariotis. Women’s Reforms, Digital Payments, and Financial Inclusion in Saudi Arabia: Evidence from Global Findex 2014–2024. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/fintech5020030

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APA, Chicago, ISO 690: bibliographic formats using available fields. OSCOLA / Bluebook: structured data only; full legal citation compliance is not claimed without verification of required elements.

APA
Tifani Husna Siregar; Adnan Ameen Bakather; Emilios Galariotis. (2026). Women’s Reforms, Digital Payments, and Financial Inclusion in Saudi Arabia: Evidence from Global Findex 2014–2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/fintech5020030
Chicago
Tifani Husna Siregar; Adnan Ameen Bakather; Emilios Galariotis. Women’s Reforms, Digital Payments, and Financial Inclusion in Saudi Arabia: Evidence from Global Findex 2014–2024. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/fintech5020030
ISO 690
Tifani Husna Siregar; Adnan Ameen Bakather; Emilios Galariotis. Women’s Reforms, Digital Payments, and Financial Inclusion in Saudi Arabia: Evidence from Global Findex 2014–2024. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/fintech5020030

UDTR Global Rights of Nature Legal Library. Women’s Reforms, Digital Payments, and Financial Inclusion in Saudi Arabia: Evidence from Global Findex 2014–2024. Documentary record: https://www.declarationuniverselledesdroitsdelarbre.org/global-rights-of-nature-radar/reference/r-58ecb48e373aed97623c57f05cf2dc97/ · Last HTTP verification: not performed

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Field provenance and record version

Version 286fc59e713ac4ce · udtr-reference-1.1.2

Title
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.731178+00:00
Authors
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.731178+00:00
Year
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.731178+00:00
Identifiers
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.731178+00:00
Source URL
OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.731178+00:00

History tracks record metadata and does not certify the state of the law.

cd521035e13a25a0 · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.731178+00:00

6ddb761a98f6421c · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.731178+00:00

792e28d11cf8c66a · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.731178+00:00

286fc59e713ac4ce · 2026-11-09T19:04:47.731178+00:00

Frozen-version metadata

Research dossiers and documentary relations

King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

Adnan Ameen Bakather

Emilios Galariotis

Tifani Husna Siregar

Source roles

Discovery source · https://doi.org/10.3390/fintech5020030

Discovery source · https://openalex.org/W7151541651

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Documentary status

Relevance pending

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