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Documentary registry of records detected across the scholarly, legal and institutional infrastructures monitored by UDTR.

A global documentary infrastructure designed to achieve the broadest verifiable and scientifically defensible coverage of the Rights of Nature.

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Should Trees have Standing?— Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects

Identification

Public canonical key
doi:10.4324/9781315094427-13
Authors
Christopher D. Stone
Reported year
2017
Reported language
en
Source type
book-chapter
First detected
2026-11-09T19:04:47.522335+00:00
Last metadata observation
2026-11-09T19:12:00.514396+00:00
Last HTTP verification
Not checked

Documentary abstract — original language

This chapter proposes that people give legal rights to forests, oceans, rivers and other so-called "natural objects" in the environment-indeed, to the natural environment as a whole. But for a thing to be a holder of legal rights , something more is needed than that some authoritative body will review the actions and processes of those who threaten it. As the author shall use the term, "holder of legal rights," each of three additional criteria must be satisfied. Natural objects would have standing in their own right, through a guardian; damage to and through them would be ascertained and considered as an independent factor; and they would be the beneficiaries of legal awards. In such fashion, judges who could unabashedly refer to the "legal rights of the environment" would be encouraged to develop a viable body of law-in part simply through the availability and force of the expression.

Identifiers

DOI
10.4324/9781315094427-13
OPENALEX
W3166922436

Documentary context

Documentary family
Book chapter
Source-reported types
book-chapter
Natural entities mentioned
River · Forest · Ocean

Entity mentions are not evidence of legal recognition. Jurisdiction studied is separate from author affiliation country.

Book bibliographic description

Access status unknown

Sources

OpenAlex · Record 1 · Record 2

Documented bibliographic relations

Source-declared references and links; they do not establish legal support or UGLC qualification. Up to 20 outgoing references are displayed.

    79 incoming references within the detected corpus

    Documentary field provenance

    Source-backed values and values with unresolved provenance are kept separately. Bibliographic provenance validates no legal claim.

    Title
    Documentary source reported
    Publication
    Documentary source reported
    Authors
    Documentary source reported
    Document type
    Documentary source reported
    Jurisdiction
    Not recorded
    Court
    Not recorded
    Issuing authority
    Not recorded
    Publisher
    Not recorded
    DOI
    Documentary source reported
    ISBN
    Not recorded
    Official identifier
    Not recorded
    Source URL
    Documentary source reported
    Source-reported status
    Not recorded
    Amendment / repeal
    Not recorded

    Cite this reference

    Christopher D. Stone. Should Trees have Standing?— Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects. 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315094427-13

    JSON · CSL-JSON · BibTeX · RIS · CSV · JSON-LD ·

    APA, Chicago, ISO 690: bibliographic formats using available fields. OSCOLA / Bluebook: structured data only; full legal citation compliance is not claimed without verification of required elements.

    APA
    Christopher D. Stone. (2017). Should Trees have Standing?— Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315094427-13
    Chicago
    Christopher D. Stone. Should Trees have Standing?— Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects. 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315094427-13
    ISO 690
    Christopher D. Stone. Should Trees have Standing?— Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects. 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315094427-13

    UDTR Global Rights of Nature Legal Library. Should Trees have Standing?— Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects. Documentary record: https://www.declarationuniverselledesdroitsdelarbre.org/global-rights-of-nature-radar/reference/r-3d0ccf5e9d0b7d9f9df5b71860abb2c7/ · Last HTTP verification: not performed

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    Field provenance and record version

    Version e1c9af41def8770b · udtr-reference-1.1.2

    Title
    OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:12:00.514396+00:00
    Authors
    OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:12:00.514396+00:00
    Year
    OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:12:00.514396+00:00
    Identifiers
    OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:12:00.514396+00:00
    Source URL
    OpenAlex · source · 2026-11-09T19:12:00.514396+00:00

    History tracks record metadata and does not certify the state of the law.

    2e16a52605d6cd8e · 2026-11-09T19:12:00.514396+00:00

    2ae666956a9a744f · 2026-11-09T19:12:00.514396+00:00

    d389d02c25b8473f · 2026-11-09T19:12:00.514396+00:00

    e1c9af41def8770b · 2026-11-09T19:12:00.514396+00:00

    Frozen-version metadata

    Research dossiers and documentary relations

    Christopher D. Stone

    Source roles

    Discovery source · https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315094427-13

    Discovery source · https://openalex.org/W3166922436

    An authority link alone does not verify a legal claim. Abstracts and full texts remain subject to their source terms.

    Documentary status

    Documentary validated

    Library

    View in the Legal Library →

    UDTR Global Rights of Nature Legal Library