{"id":"r-3488194fb0fcbc2e533ef019ec912000","title":"Naruto v. Slater","authors":["U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit"],"year":2018,"type":"case_law","language":"en","jurisdictions":["US"],"identifiers":{"case_number":["16-15469"]},"permanent_url":"https://www.declarationuniverselledesdroitsdelarbre.org/global-rights-of-nature-radar/reference/r-3488194fb0fcbc2e533ef019ec912000/","source_urls":["https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2018/04/23/16-15469.pdf"],"courts":["U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit"],"publishers":["U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit"],"legislative_bodies":[],"reported_dates":{"decision_date":"2018-04-23"},"named_natural_entities":[],"book_relations":{"parent_book_id":null,"chapter_ids":[]},"documentary_status":"DETECTED","first_indexed":"2026-11-09T19:04:47.828469+00:00","last_metadata_update":"2026-11-09T19:04:47.828469+00:00","last_verified":null,"rights":"Bibliographic facts only; third-party source terms apply. No abstract/full-text redistribution.","recorded_source_links":[],"validation_status":"DOCUMENTARY_VALIDATED","public_library_admissible":true,"public_library_url":"https://www.declarationuniverselledesdroitsdelarbre.org/global-rights-of-nature-legal-library/?ref=r-3488194fb0fcbc2e533ef019ec912000","uglc_assessment":{"effectiveness":{"basis":"AUTOMATIC_EVIDENCE_SUFFICIENCY_ASSESSMENT","reason_en":"The evidence currently available does not establish this axis; no targeted documentary lead is established at this stage. This revisable state means neither an absence of rights nor an absence of a legal mechanism.","reason_fr":"Les éléments actuellement disponibles ne permettent pas d’établir cet axe ; aucune piste documentaire ciblée n’est établie à ce stade. Cet état est révisable et ne signifie ni absence de droits ni absence de mécanisme juridique.","sources":[],"status":"INDETERMINABLE","terms":[]},"legal_status":{"basis":"AUTOMATIC_EVIDENCE_SUFFICIENCY_ASSESSMENT","reason_en":"The evidence currently available does not establish this axis; no targeted documentary lead is established at this stage. This revisable state means neither an absence of rights nor an absence of a legal mechanism.","reason_fr":"Les éléments actuellement disponibles ne permettent pas d’établir cet axe ; aucune piste documentaire ciblée n’est établie à ce stade. Cet état est révisable et ne signifie ni absence de droits ni absence de mécanisme juridique.","sources":[],"status":"INDETERMINABLE","terms":[]},"object":{"basis":"AUTOMATIC_EVIDENCE_SUFFICIENCY_ASSESSMENT","reason_en":"The evidence currently available does not establish this axis; no targeted documentary lead is established at this stage. This revisable state means neither an absence of rights nor an absence of a legal mechanism.","reason_fr":"Les éléments actuellement disponibles ne permettent pas d’établir cet axe ; aucune piste documentaire ciblée n’est établie à ce stade. Cet état est révisable et ne signifie ni absence de droits ni absence de mécanisme juridique.","sources":[],"status":"INDETERMINABLE","terms":[]},"obligations":{"basis":"AUTOMATIC_EVIDENCE_SUFFICIENCY_ASSESSMENT","reason_en":"The evidence currently available does not establish this axis; no targeted documentary lead is established at this stage. This revisable state means neither an absence of rights nor an absence of a legal mechanism.","reason_fr":"Les éléments actuellement disponibles ne permettent pas d’établir cet axe ; aucune piste documentaire ciblée n’est établie à ce stade. Cet état est révisable et ne signifie ni absence de droits ni absence de mécanisme juridique.","sources":[],"status":"INDETERMINABLE","terms":[]},"remedies":{"basis":"AUTOMATIC_EVIDENCE_SUFFICIENCY_ASSESSMENT","reason_en":"The evidence currently available does not establish this axis; no targeted documentary lead is established at this stage. This revisable state means neither an absence of rights nor an absence of a legal mechanism.","reason_fr":"Les éléments actuellement disponibles ne permettent pas d’établir cet axe ; aucune piste documentaire ciblée n’est établie à ce stade. Cet état est révisable et ne signifie ni absence de droits ni absence de mécanisme juridique.","sources":[],"status":"INDETERMINABLE","terms":[]},"representation":{"basis":"AUTOMATIC_EVIDENCE_SUFFICIENCY_ASSESSMENT","reason_en":"The evidence currently available does not establish this axis; no targeted documentary lead is established at this stage. This revisable state means neither an absence of rights nor an absence of a legal mechanism.","reason_fr":"Les éléments actuellement disponibles ne permettent pas d’établir cet axe ; aucune piste documentaire ciblée n’est établie à ce stade. Cet état est révisable et ne signifie ni absence de droits ni absence de mécanisme juridique.","sources":[],"status":"INDETERMINABLE","terms":[]},"standing":{"basis":"AUTOMATIC_EVIDENCE_SUFFICIENCY_ASSESSMENT","reason_en":"The evidence currently available does not establish this axis; no targeted documentary lead is established at this stage. This revisable state means neither an absence of rights nor an absence of a legal mechanism.","reason_fr":"Les éléments actuellement disponibles ne permettent pas d’établir cet axe ; aucune piste documentaire ciblée n’est établie à ce stade. Cet état est révisable et ne signifie ni absence de droits ni absence de mécanisme juridique.","sources":[],"status":"INDETERMINABLE","terms":[]},"substantive_rights":{"basis":"AUTOMATIC_EVIDENCE_SUFFICIENCY_ASSESSMENT","reason_en":"The evidence currently available does not establish this axis; no targeted documentary lead is established at this stage. This revisable state means neither an absence of rights nor an absence of a legal mechanism.","reason_fr":"Les éléments actuellement disponibles ne permettent pas d’établir cet axe ; aucune piste documentaire ciblée n’est établie à ce stade. Cet état est révisable et ne signifie ni absence de droits ni absence de mécanisme juridique.","sources":[],"status":"INDETERMINABLE","terms":[]}},"qualified_axis_count":0,"uglc_method":"UGLC_EVIDENCE_RESOLUTION_3.0","record_version":"45b16e9d6a5f1111","provenance_url":"/api/v1/records/r-3488194fb0fcbc2e533ef019ec912000/provenance?snapshot=ledger-20261111-052153Z-7afe2ffd","author_identifiers":[],"institution_identifiers":[],"citation_data":{"id":"https://www.declarationuniverselledesdroitsdelarbre.org/global-rights-of-nature-radar/reference/r-3488194fb0fcbc2e533ef019ec912000/","type":"legal_case","URL":"https://www.declarationuniverselledesdroitsdelarbre.org/global-rights-of-nature-radar/reference/r-3488194fb0fcbc2e533ef019ec912000/","title":"Naruto v. Slater","authority":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","author":[{"literal":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"language":"en","number":"16-15469","publisher":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit"},"legal_lifecycle":{"case_procedural_chain":{"official_identifier":"UNKNOWN","jurisdiction":"UNKNOWN","court":"UNKNOWN","filing":"UNKNOWN","first_instance_decision":"UNKNOWN","appeal":"UNKNOWN","supreme_constitutional_review":"UNKNOWN","remand":"UNKNOWN","enforcement":"UNKNOWN","later_modification":"UNKNOWN","reversal":"UNKNOWN","inadmissibility":"UNKNOWN","instrument_id":"r-3488194fb0fcbc2e533ef019ec912000","events":[],"conflicts":[],"coverage_status":"UNKNOWN","documentary_relations":[]},"primary_source_verification":{"status":"OFFICIAL_VERIFIED","source_url":"https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2018/04/23/16-15469.pdf","checked_at":"2026-11-10","evidence":[{"source_url":"https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2018/04/23/16-15469.pdf","checked_at":"2026-11-10","excerpt":"FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT NARUTO, a Crested Macaque, by and No. 16-15469 through his Next Friends, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, D.C. No. Inc., 3:15-cv-04324- Plaintiff-Appellant, WHO v. OPINION DAVID JOHN SLATER; BLURB, INC., a Delaware corporation; WILDLIFE PERSONALITIES, LTD., a United Kingdom private limited company, Defendants-Appellees. Appe","excerpt_sha256":"1e02443047a4595277b360ac49354b45a5d60cd74d128735f737e9282d142b80","identity_basis":"EXACT_OFFICIAL_IDENTIFIER_METADATA","scope":"OFFICIAL_DOCUMENT_IDENTITY_ONLY_NOT_LEGAL_EFFECT"}],"scope":"DOCUMENT_IDENTITY_METADATA_ONLY; NOT_LEGAL_STATUS_OR_FULLTEXT_VALIDATION"},"primary_document_verification":{"canonical_work_id":"r-3488194fb0fcbc2e533ef019ec912000","status":"SECONDARY_ONLY","verified_sources":[]}},"source_link_assessment":[{"url":"https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2018/04/23/16-15469.pdf","exists_in_metadata":true,"syntactically_valid":true,"resolves":"NOT_CHECKED","http_verified_at":null,"source_role":"bibliographic","source_role_is_not_legal_validation":true,"full_text_accessible":"NOT_TESTED_METADATA_ONLY"}],"legal_authority_status":"NOT_CONFERRED_BY_DISCOVERY"}